COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)'un Atıksularda İzlenmesi ile Erken Uyarı Sistemlerinin Oluşturulması

Atıksularda COVID-19

Yazarlar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.2020.v25i.1402

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Atıksu- SARS-CoV-2- Covid-19- Pandemi- Atıksu epidemiyolojisi

Öz

Atıksu epidemiyolojisi çalışmaları, klinik test kapasitesi sınırlı olduğunda bulaşıcı hastalıkların varlığını ve hatta yaygınlığını ölçmek ve izlemek için tamamlayıcı bir yaklaşımdır. Bu epidemiyoloji koronavirüslerin atık sularda tespiti ile toplumda nasıl bir yayılım gösterdiği hakkında da yardımcı olabilmektedir. COVID-19 pandemisinde, SARS-CoV-2 enfekte kişilerin dışkılarıyla birlikte atılmakta ve atık sulara karışmaktadır. Enterik olarak bulaşan virüslerle enfekte olan çoğu kişi, semptomlar başlamadan önce ve başladıktan sonra, günler veya haftalar boyunca dışkıları ile virüsü hem yaymakta ve kanalizasyon sistemlerine atmaktadırlar. Atıksularda COVID-19’un tespiti ile hastalık belirtisi göstermeyen ancak taşıyıcı olan asemptomatik kişilerin sayısı da belirlenerek o toplumda enfekte olan toplam kişi sayısı belirlenebilmektedir. Bu sayede erken uyarı sistemi oluşturularak ikinci veya üçüncü dalga gerçekleşmeden, gerekli önlemlerin alınması sağlanabilecektir.

İndirmeler

İndirme verisi henüz mevcut değil.

Kaynaklar

Randazzo W, Truchado P, Ferrando EC, Simon P, Allende A, Sanchez G. SARS-CoV-2 RNA titers in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area. medRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.20075200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.20075200

Xing YH, Ni W, Wu Q, Li WJ, Li GJ, Wang W Di, et al. Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.021

Wu Y, Guo C, Tang L, Hong Z, Zhou J, Dong X, et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(5):434–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30083-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30083-2

Cheung KS, Hung IF, Chan PP, Lung KC, Tso E, Liu R, et al. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Virus Load in Fecal Samples from the Hong Kong Cohort and Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.065

Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;3–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3786

Chen Y, Chen L, Deng Q, Zhang G, Wu K, Ni L, et al. The Presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Feces of COVID-19 Patients. J Med Virol. 2020;0–2. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25825. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25825

Timm DA, Thomas W, Boileau TW, Williamson-Hughes PS, Slavin JL. Polydextrose and Soluble Corn Fiber Increase Five-Day Fecal Wet Weight in Healthy Men and Women. J Nutr. 2013;143(4):473–8. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.170118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.170118

Hellmér M, Paxéus N, Magnius L, Enache L, Arnholm B, Johansson A, et al. Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis A virus and norovirus outbreaks. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;80(21):6771–81. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01981-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01981-14

World Health Organization. Water , sanitation , hygiene and waste management for COVID-19. 2020;(March):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191.7.

Gundy PM, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. Survival of Coronaviruses in Water and Wastewater. Food Environ Virol. 2009;1(1):10–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-008-9001-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-008-9001-6

Yang Z, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Frost CG, Estrela P, Thomas K V. Community sewage sensors for monitoring public health. Environ Sci Technol. 2015;49(10):5845–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01434

Ort C, van Nuijs ALN, Berset J-D, Bijlsma L, Castiglioni S, Covaci A, et al. Spatial differences and temporal changes in illicit drug use in Europe quantified by wastewater analysis. Addiction. 2014 Aug;109(8):1338–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12570

Heijnen L, Medema G. Surveillance of influenza A and the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in sewage and surface water in the Netherlands. J Water Health. 2011;9(3):434–42. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.019

Daglioglu N, Guzel EY, Kilercioglu S. Assessment of illicit drugs in wastewater and estimation of drugs of abuse in Adana Province, Turkey. Forensic Sci Int. 2019;294:132–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.012

Reid MJ, Langford KH, Mørland J, Thomas K V. Analysis and Interpretation of Specific Ethanol Metabolites, Ethyl Sulfate, and Ethyl Glucuronide in Sewage Effluent for the Quantitative Measurement of Regional Alcohol Consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011 Jun;35(9). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01505.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01505.x

Choi PM, Tscharke BJ, Donner E, O’Brien JW, Grant SC, Kaserzon SL, et al. Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future. TrAC - Trends Anal Chem. 2018;105:453–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.004

Gracia-Lor E, Castiglioni S, Bade R, Been F, Castrignanò E, Covaci A, et al. Measuring biomarkers in wastewater as a new source of epidemiological information: Current state and future perspectives. Environ Int. 2017;99:131–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.016

Yang Z, Xu G, Reboud J, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Cooper JM. Monitoring Genetic Population Biomarkers for Wastewater-Based Epidemiology. Anal Chem. 2017;89(18):9941–5. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02257

Bosch A. Human enteric viruses in the water environment: A minireview. Int Microbiol. 1998;1(3):191–6. https://doi.org/10.2436/im.v1i3.39.

Noise S. How sewage could reveal true scale of coronavirus outbreak. 2020.

Daughton C. The international imperative to rapidly and inexpensively monitor community-wide Covid-19 infection status and trends. Sci Total Environ. 2020;726:138149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138149

Lodder W, de Roda Husman AM. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: potential health risk, but also data source. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;1253(20):30087. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30087-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30087-X

Medema G, Heijnen L, Elsinga G, Italiaander R, Medema G. Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 in sewage . Methods Sewage samples. 2020;2–6. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.29.20045880. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.29.20045880

Wu FQ, Xiao A, Zhang JB, Gu XQ, Lee WL, Hanage WP, et al. SARS-CoV-2 titers in wastewater are higher than expected from clinically confirmed cases. medRxiv. 2020;1–13. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20051540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20051540

Wurtzer S, Marechal V, Jm M, Moulin L, Université S, Metis UMR, et al. Time course quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Parisian wastewaters correlates with COVID-19 confirmed cases. medRxiv. 2020;(6):10–3. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.12.20062679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.12.20062679

Ahmed W, Angel N, Edson J, Bibby K, Bivins A, O’Brien JW, et al. First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community. Sci Total Environ. 2020;728(April):138764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138764

Ort C. Swiss researchers see sewage as early warning sign for COVID flares [Internet]. 2020. Avaible from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-sewage/swiss-researchers-see-sewage-as-early-warning-sign-for-covid-flares-idUSKBN22C1QD

Mao K, Zhang H, Yang Z. Can a Paper-Based Device Trace COVID-19 Sources with Wastewater-Based Epidemiology? Environ Sci Technol. 2020;0–2. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01174

John, Tara C. Coronavirus Cases [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/01/europe/iceland-testing-coronavirus-intl/index.html

Yayınlanmış

2020-05-30

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

1.
Dağlıoğlu N, Yavuz Güzel E, Atasoy A. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)’un Atıksularda İzlenmesi ile Erken Uyarı Sistemlerinin Oluşturulması: Atıksularda COVID-19. Bull Leg Med. 2020;25(COVID-19 Sp.I.):28-32. https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.2020.v25i.1402