Evaluation of Risk Factors Related to Recidivism Among Sentenced Males
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.2011163730Keywords:
prevention and control, crime, risk assessmentAbstract
Risk assessment is taking the place of dangerousness in recent criminal research. Detection of static and dynamic risk factors related and/or interacting to recidivism in accordance with personality characteristics and crime types may help crime prevention strategies to improve. Out of all participants 35% (n=41) are sentenced for manslaughter/physical injury, 35% (n=41) sexual crime and 30% (n=35) theft. The mean age of the participants is 33.81 (sd=9-12) years. During the interview, a questionnaire which is prepared by the researcher by reviewing the literature, Symptom Checklist Short Form, aggression inventory was used. Interviews are conducted face to face by the researcher at the relevant correctional facilities with the permissions of Ministry of Justice and ethical committee. Recidivism is found related to having a period far away from nuclear family before age 18, criminal and drag-alcohol abusing friends, anti-social behaviors; abusing illegal drags, displaying disciplinary problems in prison and during military service. Discussion: Results are evaluated under demographics, relationships in family and close friends, childhood abuse by leaning on current literature.
Key words: prevention and control, crime, risk assessment
Downloads
References
Shah SA. Dangerousness a paradigm for exploring some issues in law and psychology. American Psychologist 1978;33:224-238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.33.3.224
Mulvey EP, Lidz CW. Conditional prediction: A model for research on dangerousness to others in a new era. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1995;18:129-143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2527(95)00002-Y
Savaşır I, Şahin NH (editörler). Bilişsel- davranışçı terapilerde değerlendirme: Sık kullanılan ölçekler. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Demeği Yayınlan, 1997
İlter-Kiper İ. Saldırganlık türlerinin çeşitli ekonomik, sosyal ve akademik değişkenlerle ilişkisi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 1984
Zambie E, Qiiinsey VL. The criminal recidivism process. UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997
Sampson RJ, Laub JH. A life course theory of cumulative disadvantage and the stability of delinquency. Thomberry T (Editor). Advances in criminological theory: Developmental theories of crime and delinquency, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction 1997;7:133-161
Cullen FT, Wright JP. Employment, peers and life- course transitions. Justice Quarterly 2004;21(1):183- 206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095781
Farrington DP. Early predictors of adolescent aggression and adult violence. Violence and Victims 1989;4:79-100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.4.2.79
Hawkins JD, Herrenkohl TI, Farrington DP, Brewer D, Catalano FF, Harachi TW, Cothem L. Predictors of youth violence. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 2000 (http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffilesl/ojjdp/179065.pdf) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e524202006-001
Elliot DS, Voss HL. Delinquency and dropout. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1974:204-207
Stewart EA, Simons RL, Conger RD. Assessing neighborhoood and social psychological influences on childhood violence in an African-American sample. Criminology 2002;40;801-829 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00974.x
McCord J, Esminger M. Pathways from aggressive childhood to criminality. The American Society of Criminology, November 1995, Boston, MA, sunum, 1995
Hoaken PNS, Pihl RO. The effects of alcohol intoxication on agressive response in men and women. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2000;3 5 All-All DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.471
Petrocelli M, Petrocelli J. School Performance and crime: Theoretical and emprical links. The Soutwest Journal of Criminal Justice 2005;2:119-131
Maschi T. Unraveling the link between trauma and male delinquency: The cumulative versus differential risk perspectives. Social Work 2006;51:59-70 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/51.1.59
Huizinga D, Weiher AW, Espiritu R, Esbensen F. Delinquency and crime: Some highlights from the Denver Youth Survey. Editörler: Thomberry TP,.Krohn MD. Taking Stock of Delinquency: An Overview of Findings from Contemporary Longitudinal Studies. New York: Kluwer Academic, 2003 (http://books. google. com/books?id^W2QsOZfk m3YC&printsec frontcover&dq= Taking+Stock+of+ Delinquency:+An+Overview+of+Findings+from+Co nemporary+Longitudinal+Studics,&ei LyqSZ600 YuMkATf6i2CA&hl=tr#PPA50,M 1 )
Bruinsma GJN. Differential association theory reconsidered: An extension and its empirical test. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 1992;8:29-49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01062758
Watson T, Vess J. Risk assessment of child-victim sex offenders for extended supervision in New Zealand. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2007;18:235-247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940601116267
Shutherland EH, Cressey DR, Luckenbill DF. Criminology, 11th ed. NY: General Hall, Dix Hills, 1992
Thomas J, Leaf M, Kazmierczak S, Stone J. Self- injury in correctional settings: Pathology of prisons or of prisoners. Reaction Essay 2006;5:193-202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2006.00111.x
Neff JL, Waite DE. Male versus female substance abuse patterns among incarcerated juvenile offenders: Comparing strain and social learning variables. Justice Quarterly 2007;24:106-132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820701201024
Langs worthy RH, Cram P, Barres AR, Curtis RW. Incidence of child abuse and the relationship to criminality: Literature review. Report to Alaska Department of Corrections, 1998
Kenny DT, Lennings CJ. Cultural group differences in social disadvantage, offence characteristics, and experience of childhood trauma and psychopathology in incarcerated juvenile offenders in NSW, Australia: Implications for service delivery. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 2007; 14;294-305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1375/pplt.14.2.294
Lee JKP, Jackson HJ, Pattison P, Ward T. Developmental risk factors for sexual offending. Child Abuse and Neglect 2002;26:73-92 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00304-0
Roizen J. Issues in the epidemiology of alcohol and violence. Martin SE. (Editör) Alcohol and interpersonal violence: fostering multidisciplinary perspectives. Bethasda (MD): National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1993:3-36. NIAAA research monographNo. 24.
Lindquist CH, Lindquist CA. Gender differences in distress: Mental health concequences of environmental stress among jail inmates. Behavioral Science and Law 1997;15:503-523 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199723/09)15:4<503::AID-BSL281>3.0.CO;2-H
Martin SE, Bryant K, Fitzgerald N. Self-reported alcohol use and abuse by arrestees in the 1998 arrestee drug abuse monitoring program. Alcohol Research and Health, 1998:72-79 (http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-l/72- 80.htm)
Mumola CJ. Substance abuse and treatment, state and federal prisoners, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs, 1997 (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/satsfp97.pdf)
Pemanen K. Theoretical aspects of the relationships between alcohol and crime. Collins J (Editör). Drinking and Crime: Perspectives on the relationship between alcohol consumption and crime behavior. New York: Guilford Press, 1981:1-69
Hill KG, Howell JC, Hawkins JD, Battin-Pearson SR. Childhood risk factors for adolescent gang membership: Results from the Seattle social development project. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1999;36(3):300-322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427899036003003
Tolou-Shams M, Brown LK, Gordon G, Fernandez I. Arrest history as an indicator of adolescent/young adult substance abuse and HIV risk. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007;88:87-90 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.017
Jenkins R, Bhugra D, Meitzer H, Singleton N, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Coid J, Farrell M, Lewis G, Paton J. Psychiatric and social aspects of suicidal behaviors in prisons. Psychological Medicine 2005;35:257-269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704002958
Harris F, Hek G, Condon L. Health needs of prisoners in England and Wales: The implications from prison healthcare of gender, age and ethnicity. Health and Social Care in the Community 2007; 15:56-66
Palmer EJ, Connely R. Depression, hopelessness and suicide ideation among vulnerable prisoners. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2005; 15:164-170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.4
Dolan M, Blackburn R. Interpersonal factors as predictors of disciplinary infraction in incarcerated personality disordered offenders. Personality and Individual Differences, 2006;40:897-907 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.003
Pulkkinnen L, Pitkänen T. Continuities in aggressive behavior from childhood to adulthood. Aggressive Behavior 1993;19:249-263 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:4<249::AID-AB2480190402>3.0.CO;2-I
Harer MD, Langan NP. Gender differences in predictors of prison violence : Assessing the predictive validity of a risk classification system. Crime and Delinquency, 2001;47:513-536 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128701047004002
Ireland JL. Social self esteem and self reported bullying behaviour among adult prisoners. Aggressive Behavior 2002;28:184-197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.90021
Social Exclusion Unit. Reducing re-offending by exprisoners. Social Exclusion Unit, London. 2002 (http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice /social_exclusion_task_force/assets/publications_199 7_to_2006/reducing_summary.pdf)
Loeber R. Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review 1990;10:1-41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(90)90105-J
Loeber R. Developmental continuity, change, and pathways in male juvenile problem behaviors and delinquency. Hawkins JD (Editor). Delinquency and Crime: Current Theories, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996:1-27
Heide KM, Solomon EP. Biology, childhood trauma, and murder: Rethinking justice. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2006;29:220-233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2005.10.001
Loeber R, Hay DF. Key issues in the development of agression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology 1997;48:371-410 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.371
Haapasalo J. Sensation seeking and Eysenck's personality dimensions in an offender sample. Personality and Individual Differences 1990; 11:81 -84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(90)90171-M
Farrington DP. The development of offending and antisocial behavior from childhood: Key findings from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2006;36:929-964 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01342.x
Yessine AK, Bonta J. Pathways to serious offending 2008-01 Public Safety Canada, 2008
Lievore D. Recidivism of sexual assault offenders: Rates, risk factors and treatment efficiacy. A report prepared for the office of the status of women by the Australian Institute of Criminology, 2003
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The Journal and content of this website is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License. The Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) allows users to copy, distribute and transmit an article, adapt the article and make commercial use of the article. The CC BY license permits commercial and non-commercial re-use of an open access article, as long as the author is properly attributed.
