The Digital Analysis of the Dark Figures of Crime During the 2023 Earthquake Disaster Period in Türkiye

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.1714

Keywords:

Looting in earthquake zones, earthquake fraud, earthquake aid fraud, looting in debris, phishing.

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to gain insights into crimes occurring in the dark figure during the earthquake disasters that took
place in Turkey in 2023, measuring magnitudes of 7.4 and 7.6, within the context of post-disaster intervention and crime prevention
efforts.

Methods: A qualitative digital analysis was conducted, targeting crimes committed during the disaster period that remained largely undocumented. Data were gathered from the social media platform X (formerly Twitter), using keyword combinations like “earthquake debris” and various crime-related hashtags from 2023. Additionally, fake donation websites were examined through USOM data, especially those exploiting individuals aiming to support victims.

Results: The crimes most frequently shared with hashtags on X were looting (65%) and theft (29%) against earthquake victims. Regarding individuals sending financial aid, the dominant crime identified was qualified fraud, primarily via fake donation platforms.

Conclusion: In post-disaster contexts, strengthening both physical and cyber security mechanisms is essential. Quick access restrictions on fraudulent websites, supported by deep learning–based verification of shared digital content, should be implemented. Furthermore, launching ex officio investigations—especially into looting, theft, and fraud—and forming proactive crime prevention policies are critical. These steps could curb criminal activity and mitigate the societal perception of “impunity” following disasters.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Demirbaş T. Kriminoloji, Ankara, Seçkin Yayınevi, 2001.

Polat A., Suç İstatı̇stı̇klerı̇ne İlı̇şkı̇n Sorunlar ve Önerı̇ler, Polis bilimleri Dergisi Cilt 10 (1), 1-24.

Hancı H., Tuğ A., Doğan Y. Kriminalistik Kriminoloji Değildir!, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, 2003; S.48, ss.261-265.

Argın Y. Doğal Afetlerde Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremı̇ Özelı̇nde Twı̇tter Örneğı̇, Insanat: Sanat Tasarım ve Mimarlık Araştırmaları Dergisi 2023, C.3, S:1 s.140-165.

Yazıcı S., Zincir O. Kriz Yönetimi ve Afetlerde Sosyal Medya Kullanımı, İÜ Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2013;49, 65-82.

Crowe, A. The Social Media Manifesto: A Comprehensive Review of the Impact of Social Media on Emergency Management, Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 2011;5-1, 409-420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.69554/LPOO6238

Orsburn, E.M. The Social Media Business Equation: Using Online Connections to Grow Your Bottom Line,. USA: Course Technology, PTR, 2012.

Splendiani, S., & Capriello, A. Crisis Communication, Social Media and Natural Disasters–The Use Of Twitter By Local Governments During The 2016 Italian Earthquake. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-03-2021-0036

Dufty, N. Using Social Media to Build Community Disaster Resilience. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 2012;27, 1, 40-45.

Yazıcı S. İş Sürekliliği Yönetimi: Stratejik Bir Değerlendirme, İstanbul: Türkmen Kitabevi, 2013.

Çanakçi M., Öztürk S., Şaşmazlar C. Afet ve Kriz Yönetiminde Sosyal Medyanın Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Twitter Örneği, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3): 882 – 897, 2022.

Hao, M., Rohrdantz, C., Janetzko, H., Dayal, U., Keim, D. A., Haug, L. E., & Hsu, M. C. Visual sentiment analysis on twitter data streams. In Visual Analytics Science and Technology, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/VAST.2011.6102472

AFAD. (2011-2022). 2011-2022 Yılı İdare Faaliyet Raporu, https://www.afad.gov.tr/. Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2024

Palen, L. and Liu, S.B. Citizen Communication in Crisis: Anticipating a Future of ICT-Supported Public Participation. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing System, San Jose, 2007;1, 727-736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240736

Çanakçı M., Öztürk S., Şaşmazlar C. Afet ve Kriz Yönetiminde Sosyal Medyanın Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Twitter Örneği, GÜSBD; 2022; 11(3): 882 – 897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1136584

Ağca, M. E. Afet odaklı risk iletişiminde sosyal medya kullanımı: AFAD örneği. MEDIAJ, 2023;6(1), 41-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33464/mediaj.1190707

Shaw C.R., Mckay, H.D. Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (US), 1942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1334446

Baechler, N. C. Afet Risk ve Zarar Azaltmada İletişim Stratejisinin Rolü. 2ND International Symposium on Natural Hazards and Disaster Management, Sakarya, 2018. https://www.ishad.info/PastConferences/ISHAD2018/ISHAD2018/papers/A1.1-ISHAD2018ID140.pdf

Gao H., Wang X., Barbier G., Liu H. Promoting Coordination for Disaster Relief – From Crowdsourcing to Coordination. In: Salerno J., Yang S.J., Nau D., Chai SK. (eds) Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction. SBP 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2011; 6589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19656-0_29

Çetinkaya, E. Afet Durumlarında Sağlık Kuruluşları İçin İletişimin Önemi ve Yönetimi, Kerim Hakan Altıntaş(Ed.), HAMER Acil ve Afet Durumlarında Sağlık Yönetimi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2013.

Alexander, D. E. Social Media in Disaster Risk Reduction and Crisis Management. Sci Eng Ethics 2014; 20, 717-733. DOI 10.1007/s11948-013-9502-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9502-z

Demiröz K. Afet Kriz Yönetiminde Sosyal Medyanın İşlevselliği ve Zararları Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Dirençlilik Dergisi 4(2), 2020, (293-304) DOI: https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.735807

Karakulakoğlu, S.,Doğal Afet ve Acil Durumların Yönetiminde Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: Twitter Örneği, Karakulakoğlu, S., Uğurlu, Ö. içinde, İletişim Çalışmalarında Dijital Yaklaşımlar ‘‘Twitter’’ , ss.281-294, Ankara: Heretik Yayınevi.

Soydan, E., & Alpaslan, N. Medyanın Doğal Afetlerdeki İşlevi. İstanbul Journal of Social Sciences, Summer, 2014;7, 53-64.

Çalışkan A., Poyraz T. Suça İlişkin Mekânsal Risk Faktörlerinin Adli Sosyolojik Bakış Açısıyla Analizi, Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020;15(21), ss.430-453.

Kızılova, Ö. Afet Odaklı Kriz Yönetimi: AFAD Örneği. İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Malatya, 2014.

Global State of Fraud and Identity Report, LexisNexis Risk Solutions, 2022, https://risk.lexisnexis.com/global/en/insights-resources/research/global-state-of-fraud-and-identity

Natural Disasters: A Perfect Storm for Data Breaches, Cloud Secuirty Alliance, 2023, https://cloudsecurityalliance.org/blog/2023/12/11/natural-disasters-a-perfect-storm-for-data-breaches

Giddens A. Kapitalizm ve Modern Sosyal Teori (Çev. Ümit Tatlıcan), İletişim Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2012.

Dynes R., Quarantelli E. L. Organizational and Group Behavior in Disasters, American Behavioral Scientist, 1970; 13, ss.323-480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000276427001300308

Collins, B., Hoang, D.T., Nguyen, N. T. ve Hwang, D. Trends in Combating Fake News on Social Media-A Survey, Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 2021; 5(2), s.247-266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24751839.2020.1847379

Arklan Ü., Koçyiğit İ. Afet Dönemlerinde Sosyal Medyada Dezenformasyonun Yayılımı: 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Örneği, Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Journal of Abant Social Sciences 2024, 24(2): 525-546. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1453304

Usta E., Yükseler M., Afetlerde Sosyal Medya Kullanımı ve Etik İkilemler: İzmir Seferihisar Depremi Örneği, Afet ve Risk Dergisi 2021; 4(2), 249-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.981246

Frailing K., Harper D.W. Examining Postdisaster Behavior Through a Criminological Lens: A Look at Property Crime, American Behavioral Scientist, 2020; 64(8), 1179-1195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764220938110

Aguirre B., Lane D. Fraud in Disaster: Rethinking the Phases, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2019; 39, 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101232

How Businesses Can Navigate Cyber Fraud After Natural Disasters”, Forbes Technology Council, 2024, https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbestechcouncil/2024/11/19/how-businesses-can-navigate-cyber-fraud-after-natural-disasters/

Demir S.T. Afet Medyası ve Medya Afeti: 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depreminin Anımsattıkları, TRTAkademi, 2023; 08-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.1306893

İçerli L., Bilen G. Sosyal Medya Kullanımının Afet Bilinci Algı Düzeyine Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2024; 13 (2), 904-928 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1331920

Downloads

Published

2025-03-19 — Updated on 2025-04-19

Versions

Issue

Section

Research Article

How to Cite

1.
Küpeli C, Türkmen Z, Bozkurt M. The Digital Analysis of the Dark Figures of Crime During the 2023 Earthquake Disaster Period in Türkiye. Bull Leg Med. 2025;30(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.1714