Keywords
Perpetrator Typology
Modus Operandi
How to Cite
Abstract
Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA) is a type of sexual assault which occurs when victim is vulnerable to perpetrator’s attack due to sedation and hypnotic effects of the higher amount of consumption of alcohol and/or another psychoactive drug. By its very nature of sexual assault, DFSA has to be taken carefully after the victim restores his/her consciousness.
The aim is to contribute to the Crime and Behavioral Sciences, penological interventions and rehabilitation attempts by examining how the perpetrators’ risk factors, possible mental or personality disorders in their developmental history and perpetrators’ characteristics affect the sexual offenses based on recent literature.
The perpetrator of DFSA can be a person that has any other psychopathological history. However, according to some research results perpetrator may portray different characteristics for each case. Even if the perpetrator of DFSA acknowledges the behavior of himself/herself, he/she does not give any moral reaction to alleged behavior. DFSA requires high knowledge of behavioral sciences and toxicology. Those requirements of perpetrator help him/her by making victims unconsciousness and let him/her get what he/she desires. After all the victim may or may not realize what does happen to him/her.
To sum up it is important to have a firm definition of DFSA in order to approach profoundly to those incidents. An extensive definition will be useful for the latter researches. Due to the fact that Turkey has not got any Sexual Assault Crises Center in a modern meaning, the medical, psycho-social and legal aid which victim needs cannot be given.
References
Du Mont J, Macdonald S, Rotbard N, Asllani E, Bainbridge D, Cohen MM. Factors Associated with Suspected Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2009;180(5):513-519. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.080570
Elliott SP, Burgess V. Clinical Urinalysis Of Drugs and Alcoholin Instances of Suspected Surreptitious Administration (“Spiked Drinks”). Science & Justice 2005;45:129-134. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2006.040360
Madea B, Musshoff F. Knock-Out Drugs: Their Prevalence, Modes of Action, and Means of Detection. Deutsches Artzteblatt International 2009;106:341-347. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2009.0341
Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS, Ruggiero KJ, Conoscenti LM, McCauley J. Drug-Facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: A National Study. National Criminal Justice Reference Service 2007;1-71.
Horvarth M. Brown J. Drug Assisted Rape and Sexual Assault: Definitional, Conceptual and Methodological Developments. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling 2005;2:203-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.33
Du Mont J, Macdonald S, Kosa D. An Examination of Victim, Assailant, and Assault Characteristics Among Cases Classified As Predatory Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault. Women's health issues 2016;26(4):393-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2016.05.010
Kilpatrick D, Edmunds C, Seymour AK. The National Women’s Study. Arlington, Va: National Victim Center 1992.
Tjaden PG, Thoennes N. Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: Findings From The National Violence Against Women Survey. 2006;1-42
Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Walters ML, Merrick MT, Stevens MR. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011;19:39-40. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf.
AMCD, Report on Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA). UK Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs 2007;1-18
Hurley M, Parker H, Wells, DL. The Epidemiology of Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault. Journal of clinical forensic medicine 2006;13(4):181-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.02.005
Littleton H, Grills-Taquechel A, Axsom D. Impaired And Incapacitated Rape Victims: Assault Characteristics and Post-Assault Experiences. Violence and victims, 2009;24(4):439-457
Richer LA, Fields L, Bell S, Heppner J, Dodge J, Boccellari A, Shumway M. Characterizing Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Subtypes and Treatment Engagement of Victims at A Hospital-Based Rape Treatment Center. Journal of interpersonal violence, 2017;32(10):1524-1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515589567
Du Mont J, Macdonald S, Rotbard N, Bainbridge D, Asllani E, Smith N, Cohen MM. Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault in Ontario, Canada: Toxicological and DNA Findings. J Forensic Leg Med. 2010;17(6):333-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2010.05.004
Scott-Ham M, Burton F. Toxicological Findings in Cases of Alleged Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault in The United Kingdom Over A 3-Year Period. J Clin Forensic Med 2005;12:175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcfm.2005.03.009
Hindmarch I, ElSohly M, Gambles J, Salamone S. Forensic Urinalysis of Drug Use in Cases of Alleged Sexual Assault. J Clin Forensic Med. 2001;8:197-205. https://doi.org/10.1054/jcfm.2001.0513
Boussairi A, Dupeyron J, Hernandez B, Delaitre D, Beugnet L, Espinoza P, Diamant-Berger O. Urine Benzodiazepines Screening of Involuntarily Drugged and Robbed or Raped Patients. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1996;34(6):721-724.
Jones AW, Kugelberg FC, Holmgren A, Ahlner J. Occurrence of Ethanol and Other Drugs In Blood and Urine Specimens From Female Victims of Alleged Sexual Assault. Forensic Sci Int 2008;181:40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.08.010
Welner M, Welner B. Drug-Facilitated Sex Assault In: Hazelwood RR, Burgess AW, editors. Practical aspects of rape investigation: A multidisciplinary approach 5th Edition. New York: CRC Press; 2017. p. 355-370.
Kernberg OF. The Narcissistic Personality Disorder and The Differential Diagnosis of Antisocial Behavior. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1989;553-570.
Price DR. Personality disorders and traits. Mental and emotional injuries in employment litigation 1994;93-140.
Swan SC, Lasky NV, Fisher BS, Woodbrown VD, Bonsu JE, Schramm AT, Williams CM. Just A Dare or Unaware? Outcomes And Motives of Drugging (“Drink Spiking”) Among Students At Three College Campuses. Psychology of violence 2017;7(2):253-264. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000060
Malamuth NM, Linz D, Heavey CL, Barnes G, Acker M. Using The Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression to Predict Men's Conflict With Women: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study. Journal of personality and social psychology 1995;69(2):353-369.
Welner, M. The Perpetrators and Their Modus Operandi. In: LeBeau M, Mozayani A, editors. Drug facilitated sexual assault, London: Academic Press; 2001. p. 39–71.
Harrington NT, Leitenberg H. Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Victim Behaviors Immediately Preceding Sexual Aggression by An Acquaintance. Violence and Victims 1994;9:315-324.
Abbey A, BeShears R, Clinton-Sherrod AM, McAuslan P. Similarities and Differences In Women’s Sexual Assault Experiences Based On Tactics Used By The Perpetrator. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2004;28:323-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00149.x
Abbey A, Buck PO, Zawacki T, Saenz C. Alcohol’s Effects On Perceptions of A Potential Date Rape. J Stud Alcohol 2003;64(5):669–677.
Dumbili EW, Williams C. “If She Refuses to Have Sex With You, Just Make Her Tipsy”: A Qualitative Study Exploring Alcohol-Facilitated Sexual Violence Against Nigerian Female Students. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2017;1-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517708761
Padmanabhanunni A, Edwards D. Treating The Psychological Sequelae of Proactive Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault: Knowledge Building Through Systematic Case Based Research. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2012;41:371–375. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465812000896
Welner M. The Drug Facilitated Sex Offender: Distinguishing Features and Histories. Paper at the present. AAFS Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA. 2001.
Krebs CP, Lindquist CH, Warner TD, Fisher BS, Martin SL. College Women’s Experiences With Physically Forced, Alcohol- Or Other Drug-Enabled, and Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Before and Since Entering College. Journal of the American College of Health 2009;57(6):639–647. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.6.639-649
Testa M, Livingston JA, Vanzile-Tamsen C, Frone MR. The Role of Women's Substance Use In Vulnerability to Forcible and Incapacitated Rape. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2003;64(6):756-764.
Hall JA, Moore CBT. Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault–A Review. Journal of forensic and legal medicine 2008;15(5):291-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2007.12.005
Anderson LJ, Flynn A, Pilgrim JL. A Global Epidemiological Perspective on The Toxicology of Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault: A Systematic Review. Journal of forensic and legal medicine 2017;47:46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2017.02.005
Valentine JL, Middleton R, Sparks C. Identification of Urinary Benzodiazepines and Their Metabolites: A Comparison of Automated HPLC and GC-MS After Immunoassay Screening of Clinical Specimens. J Anal Toxicol. 1996;20:416-424.
McBrierty D, Wilkinson A, Tormey W. A Review of Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Evidence: An Irish Perspective. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 2013;20(4):189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2012.09.009
Hall J, Goodall EA, Moore T. Alleged Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA) In Northern Ireland From 1999 to 2005. A Study of Blood Alcohol Levels. J Forensic Leg Med. 2008;15:497-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2008.05.006
The Journal and content of this website is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License. The Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) allows users to copy, distribute and transmit an article, adapt the article and make commercial use of the article. The CC BY license permits commercial and non-commercial re-use of an open access article, as long as the author is properly attributed.