ABSTRACT
When a claim of medical malpractice is encountered, it is an enormous problem to determine the “presence of causation”. The effect of other intervening factors on the resulting undesirable situation creates great difficulty in determining the causation. In these cases, it may be beneficial to apply causation tests prepared with a legal and philosophical perspective. In this paper, the most known and widely used of these tests, the “but for” test, as well as the lesser known and used “substantial factor” test and “INUS/NESS” tests were reviewed from the literature and their use in medical practice errors were explained with cases.
Keywords: Clinical forensic medicine, causation, medical malpractice
References
1
Qirjo A. Medical malpractice: the connection between the doctor-patient relationship and the duty of care. 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 21]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alessia-Qirjo/publication/352836737_Medical_malpractice_the_connection_between_the_doctor-patient_relationship_and_the_duty_of_care/links/60dc2e0fa6fdccb745f48515/Medical-malpractice-the-connection-between-the-doctor-patient-relationship-and-the-duty-of-care.pdf
2
Greco L. Character and Causation: Hume’s Philosophy of Action. Philos Q. 2021;72(1):246-248. https://academic.oup.com/pq/article/72/1/246/6220163
3
Ferreira Ruiz M, Umerez J. Interactionism, Post-interactionism, and Causal Complexity: Lessons From the Philosophy of Causation. Front Psychol. 2021;12:590533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590533
4
Kistler M. Physics’ contribution to causation. Kriter. 2021;35(1):21–46. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/krt-2021-0003/html
5
Özdemir H. Hekimin Hukuki Sorumluluğu. ERÜHFD. 2016;11(1):33–81. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/425083
6
Moore MS. Causation and Responsibility: An Essay in Law, Morals, and Metaphysics [Internet]. Causation and Responsibility: An Essay in Law, Morals, and Metaphysics. London, UK: Oxford University Press ; 2009. p. 1-640. Available from: https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=tvDb11SowYgC&oi=fnd&pg=PR21&dq=michael+s+moore+causation+&ots=J9-cx8QskQ&sig=gFxTs8VFOSpIzE8qGp4HMwPVM24&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=michael s moore causation&f=false
7
Stapleton J. Law, causation and common sense. Oxf J Leg Stud [Internet]. 1988;8(1):111-131. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i231045
8
Voss HC. Recovery of Damages for Wrongful Death at Common Law, at Civil Law, and in Louisana. Tulane Law Rev [Internet]. 1931 [cited 2019 Apr 29];6. Available from: https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/tulr6&id=237&div=19&collection=journals
9
Tümer AR. Cerrahi Branşlar Açısından Hukuki Sorumluluklar ve Malpraktis . Ankara: Matsis Matbaa; 2013. p.190. Available from: https://scholar.google.com.tr/scholar?hl=tr&as_rahi+branşlar+açısından+hukuki+sorumluluklar+ve+malpraktis&btnG=
10
Tümer AR, Yıldırım MŞ, Koçak S. Difficult Decision on Tyroid Surgery of Expert Witness: Complication or Malpractice. Bull Leg Med. 2018;23(2):89-92. https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.2017332861
11
Raz J. Responsibility and the negligence standard. Oxf J Leg Stud. 2010;30(1):1-18. https://academic.oup.com/ojls/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ojls/gqq002
12
Nodelman U, Allen C, Zalta EN. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Stanford University; 2002. p. 380. https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/544220.544327
13
Evren ÇC. Force majeur as a reason that affects the liability of administration. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2010;14(1):263-297. https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/TVRBeU16ZzFOUT09/idarenin-sorumlulugunu-etkileyen-neden-olarak-mucbir-sebep
14
Eren F. Sorumluluk Hukuku Açısından Uygun İlliyet Bağı Teorisi [Internet]. Ankara: Ankara Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, Sevinç Matbaası; 1975. Available from: https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12575/11673/Sorumluluk Hukuku Açısından Uygun İlliyet Bağı Teorisi.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
15
Karakuş R. Neden Üzerine Düşünme. Beytulhikme An Int J Philos. 2011;1(1):1-16. http://www.beytulhikme.org/Makaleler/1709491742_01_Karakus_(01-16).pdf
16
Bavli HJ. Causation in Civil Rights Legislation. SSRN Electron J. 2021;73:159-197. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3784038
17
Merhacı SÖ. Common Law Haksız Fiiller Hukukuna Genel Bir Bakış ve İhmale Dayanan Haksız Fiiller. Ankara Barosu Dergisi. 2012;(4). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/398010
18
David H, McCague WP, Yaniszewski PF. Proving Causation Where the but for Test Is Unworkable. Advocates’ Q [Internet]. 2005;30. Available from: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/aqrty30&div=14&id=&page=
19
Lester RC. The Substantial Factor Test for Causation; Juedeman v. Montana Deaconess Medical Center. Mont Law Rev. 1987;48. Available from: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/montlr48&div=22&id=&page=
20
Wright RW. Causation in Tort Law. Calif Law Rev. 1985;73. Available from: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/calr73&div=61&id=&page=
21
Mackie JL. Causes and Conditions. Am Philos Q. 1965;2(4):245–264. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20009173?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
22
Moore MS. Causation in the Law (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-law/
