ABSTRACT
Objective:
With the rapid development of technological devices and the increase in access opportunities, cyberbullying is becoming more common among young people. This study’s aim is to describe the demographic, psychological and environmental factors associated with cyberbullying experiences in high school students.
Methods:
This study was conducted with 431 high school students with a mean age of 16.01, 52.2% of whom were girls. The form used includes demographics, risk behaviors, school and family perceptions, risky behaviors on the internet, and Cyberbullying, Children’s Self-Efficacy and, Childhood Narcissism Scales.
Results:
The girls’ rate is higher than the boys’ in the non-participant and victim groups. Harmful substance use is the highest in the bullyvictim group. In addition, the rate of owning personal computers is higher than other groups in bully-victims and, they pretend to be a different person on the internet. Those who use the Internet to find new friends, pretend to be a different person on the Internet, and share their private information with strangers have higher narcissism scores than those who do not. Grade and having close friends who show antisocial type behaviors predicts victimization. Having personal computer, grade, truancy and finding easy to bully other people predicted being in a bully/victim group. Narcissism did not mediate the relationship between self-efficacy sub-dimensions with cyberbullying groups.
Conclusion:
Cyberbullying is associated with many individual and social factors. To investigate the mediating effects of narcissistic characteristics, it may be suggested to examine the types of narcissism and the factors affecting attitudes towards bullying.
Keywords: Personality, self efficacy, risk factors, cyberbullying, narcissism
References
1
Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippett N. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(4):376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
2
UNICEF [Internet]. UNICEF poll: More than a third of young people in 30 countries report being a victim of online bullying [cited 2021 June 10]. Available from https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-poll-more-third-young-people-30-countries-report-being-victim-online-bullying
3
Ayas T. Depresyon, anksiyete ve cinsiyet değişkenlerine göre sanal zorbalığa maruz kalma düzeylerinin yordanması. OJTAJ. 2014;1(1):1-17 ISSN: 2148-7308.
4
Alhajji M, Bass S, Dai T. Cyberbullying, mental health, and violence in adolescents and associations with sex and race: Data from the 2015 youth risk behavior survey. Glob Pediatr Health. 2019;6(6):2333794X19868887. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X19868887
5
Kaiser S, Kyrrestad H, Fossum S. Cyberbullying status and mental health in Norwegian adolescents. Scand J Psychol. 2020;61(5):707-713. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12656
6
Espelage DL, Swearer SM, editors. Bullying in North American schools. New York: Routledge;2010, p. 257-273.
7
Escortell R, Aparisi D, Martínez-Monteagudo MC, Delgado B. Personality traits and aggression as explanatory variables of cyberbullying in Spanish preadolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(16):5705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165705.
8
Alonso C, Romero E. Aggressors and victims in bullying and cyberbullying: a study of personality profiles using the five-factor model. Span J Psychol. 2017;20:E76. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2017.73.
9
APA dictionary of psychology [Internet]. Washington: APA. Available from: https://dictionary.apa.org/narcissism 2019
10
Pascual-Sanchez A, Hickey N, Mateu A, Martinez-Herves M, Kramer T, Nicholls D. Personality traits and self-esteem in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Pers Individ Differ. 2021;177:110809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110809
11
Safaria T, Lubabin F, Purwandari E, Ratnaningsih IZ, Saputra MKNE, Esita EIRZ et al. The role of dark triad personality on cyberbullying: is it still a problem? Int J Sci Tec Res. 2020;9(2):4256-4260. ISSN 2277-8616
12
Kırcaburun K, Jonason PK, Griffith MD. The dark tetrad traits and problematic social media use: the mediating role of cyberbullying and cyberstalking. Pers Individ Differ. 2018;135:264-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.034
13
Hedge VK, Vidyadayini S. A study on the relationship between narcissism and self efficacy. IJMH. 2020;7(1):66-69. https://doi.org/10.30877/IJMH.7.1.2020.66-69
14
Ksinan AJ, Vazsonyi AT. Narcissism, internet, and social relations: a study of two tales. Pers Individ Differ. 2016;94:118-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.016
15
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. XX ed. W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co; 1997. XXX p.
16
Olenik-Shemesh D, Heiman T. Cyberbullying victimization in adolescents as related to body esteem, social support, and social self-efficacy. J Genet Psychol. 2017;178(1):28-43. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00221325.2016.1195331
17
Gómez-Ortiz O, Apolinario C, Romera EM, Ortega-Ruiz R. The role of family in bullying and cyberbullying involvement: examining a new typology of parental education management based on adolescents’ view of their parents. Soc Sci. 2019;8(25). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8010025
18
Beyazıt U, Şimşek Ş, Ayhan AB. An examination of the predictive factors of cyberbullying in adolescents. Soc Behav Pers. 2017;45(9):1511-1522. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6267
19
Livazović G, Ham E. Cyberbullying and emotional distress in adolescents: the importance of family, peers and school. Heliyon. 2019;5(6):e01992. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01992
20
Cappadocia, MC, Craig WM, Pepler D. Cyberbullying: prevalence, stability, and risk factors during adolescence. Can J Sch Psychol. 2013;28(2):171-192. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0829573513491212
21
Bevilacqua L, Shackleton N, Hale D, Allen E, Bond L, Christie D, Elbourne D, Fitzgerald-Yau N, Fletcher A, Jones R, Miners A, Scott S, Wiggins M, Bonell C, Viner RM. The role of family and school-level factors in bullying and cyberbullying: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):160. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12887-017-0907-8.
22
Heirman W, Walrave M. Predicting adolescent perpetration in cyberbullying: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Psicothema. 2012;24(4):614-620. PMID: 23079360.
23
Küçük S, İnanıcı MA, Ziyalar N. Siber zorbalık ölçeği Türkçe uyarlaması. Bull Leg Med. 2017;22(3):172-176. https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.2017331584
24
Telef BB, Karaca R. Çocuklar için öz-yeterlik ölçeği; geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2012;32:169-187.
25
Akın A, Şahin M, Gülşen M. Çocukluk çağı narsisizm ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2015;24:203-215.
26
Slonje R, Smith PK, Frisén A. The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Comput Hum Behav. 2013;29(1):26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
27
Kavuk M. İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve sanal kurban olma durumlarının incelenmesi [Master’s of Science Thesis]. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, 2011.
28
Horzum MB, Ayas T. Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma düzeylerinin okul türü ve cinsiyet açısından incelenmesi. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying. 2011;10(20):139-159.
29
Burnukara P, Uçanok Z. Ergenlerin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri kullanım olanakları ile sanal ortamda meydana gelen zorbalığa ilişkin betimsel bir inceleme. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet. 2010;b21(2):47-62.
30
Kağan M, Ciminli A. Ergenlerde sanal zorbalık ve mağduriyetin empati ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. EUJEF. 2016;18(2):1135-1150. https://doi.org/ 10.17556/jef.66842
31
Mohseny M, Zamani Z, Basti SA, Sohrabi MR, Najafi A, Tajdini F. Exposure to cyberbullying, cybervictimization, and related factors among junior high school students. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2020;14(4):e99357. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.99357
32
Wiguna T, Irawati Ismail R, Sekartini R, Setyawati Winarsih Rahardjo N, Kaligis F, Prabowo AL, Hendarmo R. The gender discrepancy in high-risk behaviour outcomes in adolescents who have experienced cyberbullying in Indonesia. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;37:130-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.08.021
33
Smith PK, Madsen KC, Moody JC. What causes the age decline in reports of being bullied at school? Towards a developmental analysis of risk of being bullied. Ed Res. 1999;41(3):267-285. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/0013188990410303
34
Garmy P, Vilhjálmsson R, Kristjánsdóttir G. Bullying in school-aged children in Iceland: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018;38:e30-e34. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.05.009
35
Uludasdemir D, Kucuk S. Cyber bullying experiences of adolescents and parental awareness: Turkish example. J Pediatr Nurs. 2019;44:e84-e90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.11.006
36
Chen Q, Lo CKM, Zhu Y, Cheung A, Chan KL, Ip P. Family poly-victimization and cyberbullying among adolescents in a Chinese school sample. Child Abuse Negl. 2018;77:180-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.015
37
Genta ML, Berdondini L, Brighi A, Guarini A. The phenomenon of cyberbullying in adolescence. Rass. Psicol. 2009;1(26):141-161.
38
Palermiti AL, Servidio R, Bartolo MG, Costabile A. Cyberbullying and self-esteem: An Italian study. Comput Hum Behav. 2017;69:136-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.026
39
Savcı M, Ercengiz M, Aysan F. Ergenlerde sosyal medya bozukluğu ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2018;55(3):1-8. https://doi.org/10.5152/npa.2017.19285
40
Savcı, M, Aysan F. Interpersonal competence, loneliness, fear of negative evaluation, and reward and punishment as predictors of social media addiction and their accuracy in classifying adolescent social media users and non-users. Addicta. 2018;5(3):431-471.
41
Suler J. The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsych Beh. 2004;7(3):321-326. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295
42
Zhou Z, Tang H, Tian Y, Wei H, Zhang F, Morrison CM. Cyberbullying and its risk factors among Chinese high school students. Sch Psychol Int. 2013;34(6):630-647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479692
43
Elsaessner C, Russell B, Ohannessian CM, Patton D. Parenting in a digital age: a review of parents’ role in preventing adolescent cyberbullying. Aggress. Violent Behav. 2017;35:62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.004
44
Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ. Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: a comparison of associated youth characteristics. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;45(7):1308-1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x
45
Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Cyberbullying: an update and synthesis of research. In Patchin JW, Hinduja S, editor. Cyberbullying prevention and response. NY: Taylor & Francis; 2012. p. 13-35.
46
Álvarez-Garcia D, Núñez JC, Garcia T, Barreiro-Collazo A. Individual, family, and community predictors of cyber-aggression among adolescents. Eur J Psychol Appl Leg Context. 2018;10(2):79-88. https://doi.org/10.5093/ejpalc2018a8
47
Fan CY, Chu XW, Zhang M, Zhou ZK. Are narcissists more likely to be involved in cyberbullying? Examining the mediating role of self-esteem. J Interpers Violence. 2019;34(15):3127-3150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516666531
48
Schade EC, Voracek M, Tran US. The nexus of the dark triad personality traits with cyberbullying, empathy, and emotional intelligence: a Structural-Equation Modeling approach. Front Psychol. 2021;12:659282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659282
49
Zajenkowski M, Maciantowicz O, Szymaniak K, Urban P. Vulnerable and grandiose narcissism are differentially associated with ability and trait emotional intelligence. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1606. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01606
