Öz
Amaç: Çocuk istismarı, çok boyutlu bir olgu olduğundan önleme çalışmaları planlanırken, risk ve koruyucu faktörler bireyle, aileyle, okulla, yaşanılan çevreyle ve politikalarla ilgili olmak üzere çok katmanlı biçimde elde edilmelidir. Bu çalışmada amaç, lise öğrencilerinde, istismarla ilişkili bu faktörleri betimlemektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 15.69 (Ss=.96) olup, % 53.4’ü (n=353) kızdır. Rathus atılganlık envanterine ilaveten kullanılan anket demografik veriler, okul ve yaşanılan çevre, riskli davranışlar, aile ilişkileri/yaşantı tarzı, istismara açık kılan düşünce yapısı ve yakın çevrede istismar gözlemiyle ilgili sorular içermektedir.
Bulgular: Öğrencilerin %95.5’i (n=631) ailesiyle birlikte yaşamakta, %51.1’i (n=337) ekonomik durumunu orta/altı olarak nitelendirmektedir. Annelerin % 9.6’sı (n=59) ve babaların % 16.2 (n=104) üniversite mezunudur. Katılımcıların %60.1’i (n=397) okula toplu taşıma kullanarak geldiğini, %39.5’i (n=261) okula giderken kendisine kimsenin eşlik etmediğini bildirmiştir. Okul arkadaşlarından en az birkaç defa şiddet gördüğünü bildirenlerin oranı %40.7’dir (n=269). Atılganlık cinsiyet ve sınıfa göre farklılaşmamıştır. Ailenin terbiye yöntemleri üst sınıflardaki erkeklere, kızlara göre daha sert gelmekte, erkekler ailelerinin beklentilerini fazla bulmakta ve daha az takdir edildiklerini hissetmektedirler. Katılımcıların %43’ü (n=284) yakın çevrelerinde duygusal istismara uğrayan çocuk sayısını 3 ve daha fazla olarak tahmin etmiştir. Aynı tahmin fiziksel istismar için % 20.4’tür (n=135).
Sonuç: Sağlığa zarar verici madde kullanımı, okuldan kaçma davranışı, yaşanılan mahallede güvende hissetme durumu, okulda şiddete maruz kalma gibi faktörler sınıf ve cinsiyetten etkilenebilmektedir. İstismarın varlığının doğrudan sorgulanamayacağı durumlarda katılımcıların fiziksel/duygusal istismara uğrayan çocukların olduğu bir çevrede bulunup bulunmadığını anlamada okuldan kaçma davranışları, şiddet gösteren yakın arkadaşların bulunup bulunmadığı ve kişinin algıladığı arkadaş desteği değişkenlerinin incelenmesi yol gösterici olabilir.
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